This also can mean a loss of biodiversity and visible scarring of the landscape through erosion and the formation of gullies following heavy rainfall. SDG goals highlight the importance of reducing land degradation in achieving food security. The world loses 24 billion tons of fertile land every year. Desertification Desertification is the spread of desert-like conditions in arid or semi-arid areas due to man's influence or climatic change. Water erosion is observed in both hot and cold desert areas, across various land covers and with varying severity levels. The area of desertification in Rajasthan has decreased about . UPSC Geography Syllabus Optional generally contains in-depth scientific and logic-based questions and requires a clear understanding of the topic and concepts. Degradation of natural vegetation is . It occurs because of man-made activities and climate change. For those who live in the United States, sending letters of concern to state senators is a great way of letting them know … Its timber is of great commercial value. Afforestation and planting of soil binding grasses can check soil erosion, floods and water logging. It is responsible for 11.01 percent of the country's desertification. Destruction of Infrastructure Desertification is land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry subhumid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities. Competing uses of land for forestry, agriculture, pastures, human settlements, and industries exert pressure on the finite land resource influencing land-use patterns and causing degradation . What is Desertification? 2. )Consider the following statements regarding the land and soil resources: I. 4. It helps in controlling soil erosion and in preventing desertification. #. Moreover, this day also recognizes a dire need to develop novel methods to reduce and prevent land desertification and recover from drought. 4. Soil erosion plays a significant role in desertification. Indian Geography Syllabus 1. The definite information on Geography makes it simple for the candidates and encourages them to travel for self-study for geography optional. 3. The occurrences of dust storms in northern India testifies to this observation. Water erosion is observed in both hot and cold desert areas, across various land covers and with varying levels of severity. 5. Paper II. Soil erosion is a gradual process that occurs when the impact of water or wind detaches and removes soil particles, causing the soil to deteriorate. It transforms the habitable regions into deserts. In this post we are going to discuss about Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation MCQs and Answers. Soil erosion is the most serious precursor of soil degradation that comes with global implications. 4. Desertification- Effects & Remedies: Desertification is a process whereby the productive potential of arid or semi-arid lands falls by ten percent or more. Loss of soil cover, mainly due to rainfall and surface runoff, is one of the biggest reasons for desertification. Desertification Soil erosion is a major factor for desertification. Rapid increase in human population has placed a great strain on the land and soil resources resulting in land degradation and soil erosion. You have to be careful while preparing for this exam. Basics of India • Location, latitude, longitude, time zone, etc. Soil conservation is a method of trying to stop soil erosion by slowing down the rate at which the soil is denuded. This day is thus aimed to create public awareness and highlight that environmental health and the health of humans are interlaced. Due to human activities, at present, soils are facing two major problems; Soil Erosion; Soil Degradation; Soil Erosion: Soil Erosion means transportation of topsoil [ O and A horizon of the soil profile]. Causes for Desertification? Desertification: It is also the end result of Land Degradation but it could also be the reason. Some of the primary causes of desertification are as follows: Overgrazing ; Overgrazing happens when farmers let cattle, goats, and sheep deplete the vegetation in the area, leading to soil erosion. Its timber is of great commercial value. UPSC Geography Optional Syllabus Geography has a large syllabus to prepare for the UPSC exam. This means almost a quarter of India is under desertification. Which of the statements given above is /are correct? It is responsible for 98 per cent of desertification in the country. Soil can be simply defined as a mixture of small rock particles/debris and organic materials/ humus . Soil erosion: Soil erosion is the removal of topsoil (which has most of the nutrients necessary for a plant's growth) by agents like wind and water. Alternative Farming and Industrial Techniques: Alternative . Soil erosion, water logging, salinization and contamination of the soil with industrial wastes like fly-ash, press mud or heavy metals all cause degradation of land. Soil erosion in nature maybe. Wind erosion. Desertification is the process by which the biological productivity of drylands (arid and semiarid lands) is reduced due to natural or manmade factors. Soil Cover Depletion: One of the primary causes of desertification is the loss of soil cover, which is mostly caused by rainfall and surface runoff. desertification in western Rajasthan is wind erosion/deposition, followed by water erosion, as well as water logging and salinity (Ghose et al. It has nutritional value and is well-adapted to live in cold areas of high altitudes. Agricultural Production. Q. Soil is the uppermost layer of the earth's crust, which can be dug or ploughed, and in which plants grow. Deforestation and destructive use of land worsens the situation. IAS Exam has one of the optional subjects as Geography. 7.3 Soil Erosion Soil erosion refers to loss or removal of superficial layer of soil due to the action of wind, water and human factors. Soil. Water saturation in plants depends on the level of salts in groundwater and the plant . According to 'Desertification and Land Degradation of Selected Districts of India', an atlas published by the ISRO'S Space Application Centre (SAC), in 2018, some 96 million ha, or about 30% of the . In this article, You will read the Major Soil types in India (Classification and Characteristics of Soil) for UPSC IAS. Soil is a renewable valuable resource. Protection of vegetative cover: Protecting soil from wind and water erosion helps to prevent the loss of ecosystem services during droughts. The World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought is globally observed on June 17 every year. UPSC Geography Syllabus UPSC Geography Syllabus for Prelims 1. Soil deterioration and low water quality due to erosion and surface runoff have become severe problems worldwide. Land and water management: Sustainable land use can fix issues such as overgrazing, overexploitation of plants, trampling of soils and irrigation practices that cause and worsen desertification. Paper-I commonly deals with the theories, concepts, and . #. Desert soils suffer maximum erosion by wind. Space Applications Centre (SAC), ISRO has released out an inventory and monitoring of desertification of the entire country in 2016. Desertification is defined by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) 1995 as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry-sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including climate variation and human activities. a fast process promoted by deforestation, floods, tornadoes, or other human activities. 2. This Atlas presents state-wise desertification and land degradation status maps depicting land use, process of degradation and severity level. The disturbance in the hydrological cycle due to the reduction in the number of trees influences rainfall patterns. Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It can affect human health through complex pathways. This explains desertification as a lead to depletion of biodiversity , degradation of the soil, and alteration in the ecosystem. It elevates soil erosion and loss of fertility in the soil, further onsets the agricultural production problem. Union Public Service Commission offers Geography as an optional subject among 48 others. Water erosion is observed in both hot and cold desert areas, across various land covers and with varying levels of severity. Mapping the desertified land. Physical Setting: Space relationship of India with neighboring countries; Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns, Tropical cyclones and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic regions; Natural vegetation; Soil types . Covers also reduce the risk of soil erosion and the resulting loss of carbon with soil particles. Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; 9. It also provides the change analysis for the duration of 15 years, from 2003-05 to 2018-19. Alternative Farming and Industrial Techniques: Alternative . 3. It is responsible for 11.01% of the desertification in the country. The following agricultural practices can lead to accelerated soil erosion: Tilling or ploughing increases the chances of erosion because it disturbs the natural soil surface and protective vegetation. Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. 76 drought-prone districts and Ladakh. 4 RESULTS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Soil Component 4.3 Vegetation Component 4.4 Wind Erosion 4.5 Human Ecology 4.6 Data Analysis 5 DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Applicability of the FAO/UNEP Methodology 53 Hierarchical Study Approach for Assessing and Mapping Desertification 5.4 Desertification Indicators 5.5 Methods used in . It converts the livable areas into deserts. i. The disciplinary subject of UPSC has 48 subjects, one of which is Geography. Man-Made Causes: Overgrazing It reduces the usefulness, productivity, and biodiversity of the land. What are Reasons for Desertification? The problem of desertification is common to the susceptible dry-lands, with land degradation such as soil erosion . All the candidates move here and there in search of a proper syllabus of geography for UPSC. It is a rich source of biodiesel. The climate crisis is causing desertification and, in turn, desertification is exacerbating the crisis. It does not mean the expansion of existing deserts. Mining: The dust from the mining areas settles and retards water infiltration. Globalisation and Indian economy. The salient findings of this Atlas are not only useful as a ready reference, but, will also be helpful in strengthening the envisaged National Action Plan for achieving land . ; Moderate desertification is a 10-25% drop in productivity, severe desertification causes a 25-50% drop while very severe desertification results in more than 50% drop in productivity and usually creates huge gullies and sand dunes. Each paper is of 250 marks, making a total of 500 marks. Geography is straightforward to know and a lot of scientific subjects, that's why it's most well-liked by several aspirants from science, medical and engineering backgrounds. [Geography Lecture] Land Use pattern, Soil Types, Desertification, Erosion, Soil Conversation, Indian Agriculture Mrunal 28/03/2015 Youtube 29 Comments Prologue India alone has lost millions of fertile lands due to soil erosion and desertification. Environmental awareness; 12. Water erosion. The advancement of sand from the desert to the adjoining regions is called desertification. This also leads to loss of biodiversity, degradation of the soil, and alteration in the ecosystem. As land is degraded and deserts expand in some places, food production is reduced, water sources dry up and populations are pressured to move to more hospitable areas. Responsible for 10.98% desertification Loss of soil cover mainly due to rainfall and surface runoff. Crop rotation and mixed cropping improve the fertility of the soil. It has nutritional value and is well-adapted to live in cold areas of high altitudes. Further, soil erosion is a global phenomenon that affects almost all major biomes in the world. India status: 25% of India's land is affected by desertification and 30% of the land is degraded. Responsible for 5.55% desertification UPSC Main Exam Optional Subjects: Geography. The problem of desertification is common to the susceptible dry-lands, with land degradation such as soil erosion . Biogeography : Genesis of soils; Classification and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degrada-tion and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry, agro-forestry; Wild life; Major gene pool centres. Notably, 29.3 percent of land in India is affected by erosion. Soil erosion also causes serious damage to houses, bridges, roads and other forms of infrastructure. Desertification takes place worldwide in drylands, and its effects are experienced locally, nationally, regionally, and globally. Desertification is defined as "a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife." It is a continuous degradation of land under the influence of natural and anthropological causes in arid, semiarid and dry-sub humid conditions. It is a rich source of biodiesel. Even as it prepares to host a global conference on rising desertification, India faces a growing crisis of land degradation: Nearly 30% of its land area, as much as the area of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra put together, has been degraded through deforestation, over-cultivation, soil erosion and depletion of wetlands. Desertification is recognized as a major threat to biodiversity and consequently leads the countries to develop plans to counter its impacts. A) Ecological implications of desertification Increase in frequency and intensity of droughts. Soil degradation can be defined as the decline in soil fertility due to erosion and misuse. Nearly 10 million hectares of arable land are lost to erosion and other forms of soil degradation every year [1].. Countries all over the world are battling with worrisome sight of deepening gullies crisscrossing the landscape and barren fields stripped of the fertile topsoil. According to the United Nations, about 12 million hectares of land is turning into desert every year. Geography optional syllabus for UPSC- The topics recalled for this topic are identified . UPSC Geography Syllabus and Exam Pattern for IAS Prelims, Mains & Optional 2022 - PDF Download. Desertification can be checked by artificial bunds or covering the area with proper type of vegetation. • Neighbours • Important straits • States and their position • States with international boundaries 2. These are likely the main optional subjects in the Mains test. 1. Soil Erosion, Desertification in Rajasthan. Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; 8. In Maharashtra, Timber Mafia contributed to deforestation that leads to soil erosion. The World Atlas of Desertification (2018) indicated that it is not possible to deterministically map the global extent of land degradation. Desertification occurs on all continents except Antarctica and affects the livelihoods of millions of people, including a large proportion of the poor in drylands. It does not mean the expansion of existing deserts. Vegetation Degradation: 1. It would increase production which can sustain large population. It is a rich source of biodiesel. Cutting down trees has a negative impact on the soil and causes deterioration. The Union Public Service Commission has released the official notification for the detailed UPSC Environmental Science 2022 Syllabus. II. Linkage of rivers; 13. 95 % of human needs for food and cloth are obtained from the soil. Which of the statements given above is /are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only Manure and Compost: Adding organic amendments such as manure or compost can directly increase soil carbon and also result in increased soil aggregate stability. The rapid erosion of soil by wind and water has been a problem since man began cultivating the land. Rajasthan is the state with highest area under desertification ( land degradation) with respect to country's total geographical area (TGA). Desertification is the process by which the biological productivity of drylands (arid and semiarid lands) is reduced due to natural or manmade factors. The problem may become so severe that the land can no longer be cultivated and must be abandoned. Desertification is defined by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) 1995 as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry-sub-humid areas resulting from various factors including climate variation and human activities. In Jharkhand, excess mining leads to erosion. Fifty percent of the land's productivity has decreased due to soil erosion and desertification. Cutting forests adversely affect the soil and cause degradation. Soil is the topmost layer of the continental crust having weathered particles of rocks.The soils of India are the product of physical factors as well as human factors.. India supports approximately 16% of the world's population and 20% of its livestock on 2.5% of its geographical area. desertification comes under land degradation. Desertification and land degradations are major threats to agricultural productivity in the world and water and quality air. desertification is restricted to … Desertification takes place when a particular type of biome converts into a desert biome. Discretionary prospectus for the subject has a large cover with general study. Major reasons for desertification in India . This optional subject consists of 2 papers. Ecological issues Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics Issues relating to environmental pollution Changes in patterns of land use Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management Population explosion and food security Environmental degradation Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion Problems of agrarian and . Worse, the extent of desertification and land degradation has increased by some 1.16 million ha and 1.87 million ha respectively in just eight years, between 2003-05 and 2011-13 when SAC conducted the surveys. Deforestation also leads to desertification in plains and landslides in hilly areas. It helps in controlling soil erosion and in preventing desertification. Land Degradation UPSC Notes. Loss of soil cover, mainly due to rainfall and surface runoff, is one of the biggest reasons for desertification. 7. 1. Geography Of India. Wind and water are powerful agents of soil erosion because of their ability to remove soil and transport it. Pros. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Orissa. As urbanization increases, the demand for resources is also increasing. Protection of vegetative cover: Protecting soil from wind and water erosion helps to prevent the loss of ecosystem services during droughts. other ways for land degradation are erosion by gullies, ravines. Desertification is one of the reasons for soil degradation. Desertification can be reduced by adopting the following strategies: Planting more trees - the roots of trees hold the soil together and help to reduce soil erosion from wind and rain. 3. The state has 62.90% of the TGA under desertification/ land degradation for the period of 2011-13. It affects crop production and water supply industries, induces the risk of floods and soil erosion, and decreases biodiversity. UPSC Environment and Ecology topic is a part of General Studies 3 of prelims and mains, and is considered to be a scoring subject. Government of India encourages the cultivation of 'sea buckthorn '. Desertification is a process of degradation of the land. Excessive soil erosion by wind and to some extent by water. In this video lecture, Evaluation Ias brings you " Desertification " Topic From UPSC GS paper 3 Syllabus and It Is Helpful In Prelims As well.Download PDF. (a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 . Causative factors for desertification: Soil Erosion: It is responsible for 10.98 percentage of desertification. It has nutritional value and is well-adapted to live in cold areas of high altitudes. Slow removal of soil is a part of the natural geological process of denudation and is both inevitable and universal. The sand covers fertile soil and affects its fertility. In India, about 30 percent of the land has been turned into a . Facts: Nearly 30 per cent per cent of the country's total geographical area is undergoing degradation (ISRO report) The main culprit is water erosion (26 per cent) India has committed itself to the U.N. Convention on Combating Desertification that it would fully stop land degradation by 2030 Which factors cause soil erosion, especially in … Soil Erosion - UPSC GS1 Read More » It is of utmost importance for the aspirants to assess their aptitude in the . Drifting of sand and its accumulation on fertile agricultural land. Soil erosion and loss of fertile soil is a major concern today. Over-dependence on agriculture and improper land management is also the leading cause. The extent is more than 2 per cent in nine of the mapped districts. October 15, 2020 by Era. Regional disparities in economic development; 10. 2. Desertification and Salinization of the Mesopotamian Plain: 139 A Critical Review 4.2 Salinization Salinization of soil is another main problem in the Mesopotamianp, it is mostly accompanied with desertification, and both processes are considered to be forms of soil degradation (Slavikova, 2019). The opposite term (antonym) of Desertification is Oasification. Although it is a less emotive topic today than in the past The prevention of soil erosion, which means reducing the rate of soil loss to approximately that which would occur under natural conditions, relies on selecting appropriate strategies for soil conservation and this, in turn, requires a . , 1977). Loss of soil cover, mainly due to rainfall and surface runoff, is one of the biggest reasons for desertification. Natural processes such as land clearing, erosion, and desertification can lead to a loss of rich nutrients from the soil, resulting in lower levels of organic matter, microbial activity and biological processes. Soil erosion is the loosening and displacement of topsoil particles from the land. The Atlas provides state wise area of degraded lands for the time frame 2018-19. Water erosion is observed in both hot and cold desert areas, across various land covers and with varying severity levels . Soil Erosion is the loss of soil cover mainly due to rainfall and surface runoff water. It helps in controlling soil erosion and in preventing desertification. land becomes sandy. Soil Degradation - Geography. Soil salinization consequences are far from positive, covering multiple aspects of ecology and human life. Its timber is of great commercial value. In simpler terms, desertification happens when the soil on land cannot support livestock, crops, and wildlife. Desertification Causes Overgrazing Deforestation Farming Practices Urbanization and other types of land development Climate Change This problem is particularly serious in areas adjoining the Thar desert in Rajasthan. The marks for each paper is 250, in a total of 500 marks, and the duration for each paper is three hours. What is the importance of this plant? Concept of sustainable growth and development; 11. Deposition of sand in rivers, lakes decrease their water containing capacity. The subject has two papers, i.e., Paper I and II. A large part of the arid and semi-arid region lying between the Indus and the Aravalli range is affected by spreading desert conditions. In oasification, soil and nutrient harvesting are regarded as fundamental component parts in the reclamation process of a degraded land. 1. Desertification is an example of a positive feedback loop, just as the melting of the Arctic ice cap, thawing of the Siberian permafrost, and the large-scale release of methane from methane hydrate lying on the sea and ocean floors. Consequently, a creeping effect of desertification sets in, and the fertility of the land is lost progressively. Geography Optional Syllabus For UPSC. answer: land degradation is the process in which land becomes unfit for use. III. UPSC Geography Syllabus 2021 For IAS Prelims & Mains. Cover crops also enhance nutrient cycling and increase soil health over time. 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